Pharmaceutical Sciences

Pharmaceutical sciences combine a wide range of scientific disciplines that are essential to the discovery and development of new drugs and therapies. Pharmaceutical sciences can be classified into the following broad categories, with many specialized areas within each category.

Over the years, pharmaceutical scientists have been instrumental in the discovery and development of innovative drugs that have saved the lives of thousands of people and improved the quality of life for many others. Pharmaceutical scientists can work in a variety of jobs. They are employed by pharmaceutical companies, they work as pharmacists, physicians, researchers and professors at universities, as regulatory scientists for agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and as researchers at national laboratories such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Pharmacogenomics is the branch of pharmacology that deals with the influence of genetic variations on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with drug efficacy or toxicity. It aims to develop rational ways to optimise drug treatment according to the patient's genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy and minimal adverse effects. These approaches promise the advent of personalised medicine, in which drugs and drug combinations are optimised for the unique genetic make-up of each individual. Pharmacogenomics is the application of pharmacogenetics to the whole genome, examining the interactions between a single gene and drugs.

WHO brings together the latest international multilingual scientific findings and knowledge on COVID-19. The global literature cited in the WHO COVID-19 database is updated daily (Monday to Friday) through bibliographic database searches, manual searches and the addition of further scientific articles recommended by experts. This database represents a comprehensive multilingual source of current literature on the subject. Although it is not exhaustive, new searches are added regularly.

Clinical sciences are concerned with the use of drugs in the treatment of disease. The properties of new drugs - such as efficacy, side effects, drug interaction, bioavailability - are determined in human clinical trials.

Drug delivery refers to the approaches, formulations, technologies and systems for delivering a pharmaceutical compound to the body to safely achieve the desired therapeutic effect. This may be to target a scientific site in the body or to facilitate systemic pharmacokinetics; in all cases it is usually about the amount and duration of the drug's presence. Drug delivery is often discussed in terms of the chemical formulation of a drug, but it can also involve medical devices or drug-device combination products. Drug delivery is a concept that is strongly integrated with the dosage form and route of administration, the latter sometimes even being considered part of the definition.

Pharmacovigilance (PV or PhV), also known as drug safety, is the pharmacological science of collecting, detecting, evaluating, monitoring and preventing adverse drug reactions. As such, pharmacovigilance focuses primarily on adverse drug reactions, or ADRs, which are defined as any response to a medicinal product that is harmful and unintended, including lack of efficacy (the requirement that this definition applies only to doses normally used for the prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy of a disease, or for the modification of the function of a physiological disorder was excluded in the last amendment of the relevant legislation). Medication errors, such as overdose, misuse and abuse of a medicinal product, as well as exposure to a medicinal product during pregnancy and lactation, are also of interest, even without an adverse event, as they may result in an adverse drug reaction.

Health care is that the maintenance or improvement of health through the interference, designation and treatment of unwellness, injury and different physical and mental impairments in individuals. Health care is provided by health professionals in connected fields. Physicians and medical man associates square measure among these health professionals. Dentistry, midwifery, nursing, medicine, optometry, audiology, pharmacy, psychology, physical therapy, physical therapy and different health professions square measure all a part of health care. They embrace work done to produce primary, secondary and tertiary care, further as within the field of public health.

Computer area unit currently employed in pharmaceutical industries, hospitals and varied departments for drug data, education, evaluation, analysis, drug history and money record keeping. they need become indispensable for the event of clinical pharmacy, hospital pharmacy and pharmaceutical analysis. Computers are helpful for observation patient profiles, medication, management and materials management. it's helpful for providing drug interaction data, drug data services and patient message.

Good producing observe (GMP) could be a system for making certain that product area unit systematically factory-made and controlled in accordance with quality standards. it's designed to minimise the risks related to any pharmaceutical production that can't be eliminated by testing the ultimate product.

GMP covers all aspects of production, from raw materials, premises and instrumentation to coaching and private hygiene of personnel. elaborate written procedures area unit essential for every method which will have an effect on the standard of the ultimate product. Systems should be in situ to supply documented proof that the right procedures area unit systematically followed at every stage of the producing method - whenever a product is formed.